United Airline’s Employees Pension Plans Essays -- Economy Economics E

United Airline’s Employees Pension Plans   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An event in the headlines today that will require human resource involvement is United Airline’s decision to most likely terminate all of its employees pension plans due to bankruptcy and turn them over to the PBGC or Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation. The PBGC is a federal agency that insures traditional pensions in case companies go â€Å"belly up†. Basically what this amounts to is that United Airlines worker’s retirement plans could be cut by up to 75 percent. The decision to end the pension plans by United Airlines is stated as â€Å"creating the biggest default in U.S. history and forcing a possible bailout† (The Christian Science Monitor, Alexandra Marks).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This issue is not exclusive to United Airlines workers but to any employee who works for a company suffering from financial troubles. If United goes through with ending the pension plans, it is feared that the other airlines currently suffering financial troubles will soon follow suit. Because of globalization and competition from low-wage companies that do not offer company paid pension plans, the responsibility for retirement security may shift from the airlines to the individual workers to take care of. Advice from Brad Belt, executive director of the PBGC is that â€Å"It’s incumbent on individuals to be well informed, prudent about their investments, and to save accordingly.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Union members are angry because United Airlines went behind their backs and reached...

On the Consequential Validity of ESP tests in Iran

The eventful facet of concept cogency has been defined in different ways. Harmonizing to Messick ( 1989 ) eventful cogency includes grounds and principles for measuring the intended and unintended effects of mark reading and usage in both the short- and long term, peculiarly those associated with prejudice in hiting and reading, with unfairness in trial usage, and with positive or negative washback effects on instruction and acquisition. However, this signifier of grounds should non be viewed as a separate type of cogency, say, of ‘consequential cogency ‘ or, worse still, ‘washback cogency ‘ ( Messick, 1998 ) . Whereas, Bachman ( 1990 ) and Bachman & A ; Palmer ( 1996 ) used the term impact to depict these effects of trials. The impact of trial usage operates at two degrees: a micro degree, in footings of the persons who are influenced by the peculiar trial usage, and a macro degree, in footings of the educational system or society ( Bachman & A ; Palmer, 1996 ) . In this survey, following the taxonomy of Bachman and Palmer, the effects of trials on instruction and acquisition are viewed washback effects and the effects on single interest holders i.e. , scholars, instructors, parents, and test takers ‘ household members, and society are considered as impact. Since a few decennaries ago, the impacts of different linguistic communication trials either at macro or micro degrees have been studied. The literature reappraisal indicates that there has been a general consensus that high-stakes trials produce strong washback. High-stakes trials are those whose consequences are used to do of import determinations which instantly and straight impact the trial takers ( Luxia, 2005 ; Madaus, 1988 ; Shohamy, 1993a, 1993b, 2001 ) and other stakeholders such as instructors who are assisting the trial takers to go through the trials, and the other participates who are engaged in course of study development and class designing ( Baily, 1999 ; Spolsky, 1997 ) . The term ‘backwash ‘ has been used to mention to the manner a trial influences learning stuffs and schoolroom direction ( Hughes,1989 ) , although in applied linguistics and linguistic communication proving community the term ‘washback ‘ is more widely used today ( Weir 1990 ; Alderson & A ; Wall 1993 ; Alderson, 2004 ) . Washback is by and large known as being either negative or positive ( Taylor,2005 ) . Negative washback is said to happen when the content or format of a trial is based on a narrow definition of linguistic communication ability, and so constrains the teaching/learning context. Positive washback is said to ensue when a testing process encourages ‘good ‘ instruction pattern ; for illustration, an unwritten proficiency trial is introduced in the outlook that it will advance the instruction of talking accomplishments ( Taylor, 2005 ) . The impact of a trial can be immediate or delayed ( Andrews, 1994 ; Andrews & A ; Fullilove 1994 ) . Harmonizing to these research workers, washback seems to be associated chiefly with ‘high-stakes ‘ trials, that is, trials used for doing of import determinations that affect different sectors. , for illustration, finding who receives admittance into farther instruction or employment chances ( Chapman & A ; Snyder, 2000 ) . Shohamy, Donitza-Schmitdt & A ; Ferman ( 1996 ) believe that the state of affairss in which admittance, publicity, arrangement or graduation is dependent on the trial are really of import and great attention is needed. Harmonizing to Taylor ( 2005 ) , linguistic communication trials can hold effects beyond merely the schoolroom. That is, trials and trial consequences have a important impact on the calling or life opportunities of single trial takers ( educational/employment chances ) . They besides influence educational systems and society more widely ; for illustration, trial consequences are used to do determinations about school course of study planning, in-migration policy, or professional enrollment for physicians ; and the growing of a trial may take publishing houses and establishments to bring forth trial readying stuffs and run trial readying classs. Bachman ( 1990 ) used the term impact to depict these effects of trials. Some linguistic communication examiners consider washback as one dimension of impact, depicting effects on the educational context ( Hamp-Lyons 1997 ) ; others see washback and impact as separate constructs associating severally to ‘micro ‘ and ‘macro â €˜ effects within society ( Bachman & A ; Palmer, 1996 ) . Most examiners locate both constructs within the theoretical impression of ‘consequential cogency ‘ in which the societal effects of proving are portion of a broader, incorporate construct of trial cogency ( Messick, 1989, 1996 ) . Consequential cogency has been extensively discussed among linguistic communication examiners in recent old ages ( Kunnan, 2000 ) . As eventful cogency is a complex impression, we try to analyze specific portion of it known trials effects on trial takers, instructors, and society. Although washback effects on instruction and acquisition has been both theoretically and through empirical observation discussed and several washback hypotheses were put frontward, rather a few empirical surveies have been carried out to research the ESP trials negative or positive effects on trial takers ‘ life and society at big. Therefore, the present survey purposes at researching the ESP trials ‘ effects on Persian interest holders ‘ life, and society. In making so, the undermentioned research inquiry was raised: What impacts do ESP/ EAP trials have on the life of campaigners for station alumnus surveies as good the system of higher instruction at Persian local universities?Method and processThis survey is portion of an extended probe to research ESP trials, constituents of maestro and doctorial enterance scrutiny to province universities, effects on maestro, Ph.D campaigners and ESP instructors. To merely set it, the intent of this component was to place and depict the effects which these trials may hold on the Persian interest holders including instructors, trial takers, parents and scholars ‘ household memebers, and society. A qualitative attack was selected because this facet of eventful cogency is underpinned by personal and organisational civilization and small of relevancy has been reported in the literature. Qualitative research is context based, therefore it is imperative for research workers to enroll participants in a crystalline mode. The participants were 16 maestro and 10 Ph.D pupils of different big leagues and 5 ESP instructors at different universities in Iran. Datas were gathered during face-to-face in-depth interviews. The research workers informed the participants of the intent of the research and obtained their written consent. The research workers besides obtained the participants ‘ permission to audiotape each interview for intents of content analysis and audit trail. The interviews were conducted in both an unstructured and a semi-structured mode. All participants were interviewed in privateness. Each interview began with the inquiry: ‘What do you believe of ESP trials effects? The reply to which was followed by inquiries designed to arouse specific effects of the mark trials, such as: ‘what was the most positive or negative effects of these trials? The participants were besides asked to depict their experiences, attitudes and beliefs about the ESP trials and their impacts on their life. The interviews lasted on norm for about 30 proceedingss. Interviewing took topographic point during all yearss over a six-week period, until the informations collected were being systematically duplicated. No new information was gained from the last three interviews, therefore informations impregnation was considered to hold been achieved. The interview informations were instantly transcribed verbatim and analyzed utilizing qualitative content analysis. Contented analysis is a subjective reading of the content of textual informations utilizing a procedure of systematic categorization. This procedure uses chiefly inductive logical thinking, by which subjects and classs emerge from natural informations under careful scrutiny and changeless comparing ( Strauss and Corbin, 1990 ) . One feature of qualitative content analysis is that the method, to a great extent, focuses on the topic and the context, and emphasizes differences between and similarities within subjects and classs. Another feature is that this method trades with manifest every bit good as latent content in a text. Manifest content consists of respondents ‘ existent words organizing constructs, while subjects are seen as looks of the latent content. In this survey the method of coding harmonizing to qualitative content analysis was used to deduce classs and subjects from the informations, which were identified from the first interviews and so tested and revised through analysis of wining interview ( Marvast, 2004 ) . To guarantee dependability and supply an appraisal of inter-rater dependability, the research worker and the research helper coded interviews separately, discussed the result, agreed on alterations and so individually coded the following interview. In the first five interviews, over 80 % of the codifications were shown to be consistent between the two research workers. These interviews were re-coded after a two-day interval by the same squad and found to be stable. The same cryptography strategy was so applied to a re-analysis of all interviews. The research workers besides reviewed and discussed the full interview coding to guarantee consistence.FindingssThe 31 participants consisted of 16 maestro and 10 Ph.D pupils and 5 ESP instructors. Four subjects were extracted from the interview informations utilizing qualitative content analysis: psychological, societal, fiscal, and household effects. Each of these chief classs is farther divided into subcategories which are described in ins ide informations in the undermentioned parts of the survey.Psychological effectsAbout all participants stated that ESP trials had great psychological effects. This chief class is subcategorized into emphasis, anxiousness, assurance, depression, learning efficaciousness, and letdown.Stress and anxiousnessMany of the participants acknowledged that they had experienced a sort of anxiousness before or even after ESP trials are administered. The undermentioned illustrations illustrate this subject. Clairvoyance trials are truly hard and the transitions are long. When I do non cognize the significance of unknown words, I become nervous and I do non try all the points. My public presentation on these trials influences my hereafter so believing about the consequence causes me emphasis. In fact, all trials are nerve-racking but linguistic communication trials are something different because a specific readying is needed ( participant 1 ) . Another participant described test effects as stressful. He said: The consequences are non announced shortly. Sometimes, I have to wait for approximately three months. During this clip, I ever think about the trial consequences. Such ideas cause me a batch of emphasis ( participant 3 ) . Ph.D campaigners besides acknowledged that the ESP subdivision of entryway scrutiny was awfully nerve-racking. A participant said: I had no jobs in content topics. My lone job was specific English. I about translated about 70 pages of my ESP book but the transitions given to us to be translated were unobserved. When I did non cognize the significances of some unknown words, I got confused. Such confusion led to my mental emphasis. That is why ; I could non hold a good public presentation. Even one point can do a alteration in the opportunity of admittance. When the consequences were announced, I noticed that if my mark on ESP subdivision were one point higher, I would go through the entryway test ( participant 12 ) .DepressionMajority of the participants argued that the consequences of the trials and trial phobic disorder greatly influenced and depressed them so that they could non analyze any longer. Such a sort of depression sometimes affected their day-to-day activities. The undermentioned illustrations illustrate this subject. You may non cognize about trial effects. The English trials sometimes turn out to be a sort of catastrophe in our life. Due to many known and unknown factors, we are depressed before and after taking linguistic communication trials. Sometimes we feel so down that we can non make anything. We can non even acquire out of bed to eat breakfast or tiffin. Even, we do non speak to anyone for a twosome of yearss ( participant 6 ) . Another participant stated: Regardless of trial consequences, whether to neglect or go through, due to the nature of ESP trials administered at province and nonstate universities in my state, I become down. The trials are non mensurating what I need. They merely test interlingual rendition ability of the pupils ; whereas, I do non necessitate interlingual rendition. I may go through the trial but I can non utilize ESP linguistic communication to run into my academic demands. My mark is non bad but I can non even compose a paragraph or sum up a transition. That is why ; I ever feel down ( participant 16 ) .DisappointmentThe participants of the survey believed that they sometimes felt defeated and gave up perusal. The undermentioned illustrations are given to exemplify this subject: I took Ph.D trial several times but I ever failed because of my bad public presentation in ESP subdivision of the trial. I got tired and eventually defeated. Even if I pass the ESP portion of the trial, I am non pleased because these trials do non mensurate what we need at all. Therefore, I ever felt defeated and planned to give up my analyzing for Ph.D scrutiny ( participant 8 ) . Another participant added: At first I was truly interested in analyzing for Ph.D entryway scrutiny but holding failed the trial several times I lost my motive and felt defeated. Such a sort of feeling lasted for a long clip. Despite the undependability and invalidness of these trials, they had great influence on the campaigners ‘ admittance. I got defeated and unwillingly gave up Ph.D ( participant 2 ) . As the participants do non cognize anything about the range of contents which are given in the trial, they may non try hard to acquire prepared. They believed that their cognition in English is limited and they may non be able to make their best in the unobserved contents. One of the participants said: The campaigners do non cognize how much readying is needed. The ESP texts are infinite. I remember I studied and translated more than 200 pages but the trial transitions were non in the scope of stuffs which I was familiar with. Even an unknown word confused me. That is why I am non certain I can reply all the transitions because they may be unfamiliar to me and this makes me defeated. I gave up analyzing ESP ( participant 10 ) . Furthermore, the participants acknowledged that their public presentation on ESP trials depends on their general linguistic communication public presentation to a great extent. As they are non good at general linguistic communication, they have no opportunity to larn ESP. They believed that they about know some proficient words which they can non utilize in context because of their general linguistic communication. As the consequences, they are hopeless to larn English for ESP/EAP intents. One of the participants stated: English linguistic communication is non given appropriate attending in our state. The clip allocated to learning English at secondary and third schools is non plenty. Teachers merely focus on grammar and reading. Because we have no exposure to reliable linguistic communication we easy bury what we learned in high schools. How one does anticipate us to larn English in such a sort of instruction system in which merely a few grammatical constructions and a twosome of words are taught. I studied English for approximately seven old ages but I can non even compose a short paragraph. I think the consequences of ESP trials indirectly disappoint the pupils. I myself am one of those defeated 1s. I think I ne'er pass ESP/ EAP trials such as IELTS or IBT TOFEl. In one of the Ph.D trial taken two old ages ago, the trial takers were asked to interpret a transition from Persian to English. Although I knew all words, I could non make the undertaking because I did non cognize how to unite the words t o do a text ( participant 18 ) .Self- assurance and efficaciousnessThe participants believed that their assurance is greatly influenced by these trials. They stated that by utilizing their short memory capacity they can memorise a list of proficient words and some specific transitions. They may achieve a good mark which leads to a sort of false assurance. They may believe that this mark indicates their true ability and may give up analyzing English. One of the participants said: I merely studied for two months. In fact, I got a good mark. Having seen my mark on ESP trial, I felt a high self-confident. I thought I could run into my all academic demands ; hence, I stopped reading my English books. During my maestro categories, I noticed how weak I was in English. I could non even interpret a paper. I had to apportion about all my clip analyzing English. You can non conceive of how hard it was for me to go through ESP classs in two semesters ( participant 17 ) . Refering the impact of the trials on assurance, another participant stated: When I saw my mark I became really confident and felt proud. Some of my friends failed the trial. I sneered at them. It was a great accomplishment for me. Majority of the trial takers failed these ESP trials but I passed. Therefore, it was a good bravery for me to take even hard trials. English trials differ from the other trials, so go throughing them successfully is truly of much significance in my assurance ( participant 13 ) . The consequences of the survey besides indicate that the pupils ‘ low tonss on ESP trials led to assurance waking up. One of the participants said: I have taken Ph.D entryway scrutiny three times. My tonss on capable trials were non bad, but I had no good public presentation in ESP sub-test of entryway scrutiny. My friends who were good at English could go through the entryway scrutiny and enter the university. Such a failure in ESP trials caused me to lose my assurance and give up fixing for Ph.D scrutinies because I knew it does non worth the monetary value to pass clip larning English ( participant 6 ) . The consequences besides indicate that ESP trials will do a sort of false positive sense of learning efficaciousness among ESP teachers. The undermentioned illustration illustrated this subject. The alleged ESP trials administered at our universities merely lay accent on proficient vocabulary and proficient reading transitions. I am good at these accomplishments. I am able to learn these accomplishments really good. Because of such prepardness, I think I am a good ESP instructor and feel efficaciouse. However, when the pupils require to the other academic accomplishments, I about ever to hedge their petitions ( participant 19 ) .Social effectsThe 2nd emerged subject of the survey is categorized as the effects of the trials on the society at big. The participants acknowledged that the entryway exams peculiarly ESP sub-tests surely have great impacts on the society. The societal impacts can be subcategorized as: want from high instruction, unfairness and unethical issues, and credence of unqualified campaigners. Each of these subcategories is elaborated as follows ( participant 14 ) .Want from instructionThe participants acknowledged that the consequences of choice tests- eith er norm-referenced or criterion-referenced- will surely ensue in some campaigners ‘ want from instruction. They believed that ESP tests non unlike the other trials do hold such impacts. They believe the campaigners whose English is good can accomplish a good mark on ESP trials and are ranked higher than those with low English proficiency. Therefore, the 1s with low English proficiency are deprived from analyzing for maestro and Ph.D grades although their tonss on the content sub-tests are non bad in comparing with the other campaigners. One of the participants said: I answered about all points of entryway test except ESP points. That is why, I did non go through the trial but my friends who answered English points passed and were accepted in really good and modern universities such as Tehran universities. Two or three times I failed. Finally, I got tired and did non try entryway scrutinies to post graduation schools. I was deprived. Such a failure is merely due to my failing in English ( participant 20 ) . Another participant stated: If I had been able to reply the points of ESP sub-part of the Ph.D entryway scrutiny I would hold passed the trial and I could hold become a extremely educated individual in my state. In fact, my lone job was merely my failing in English. Damn English trial turned out to be a catastrophe in my life. As the consequences, the societey disadvantages the qualified people ( participant 18 ) .Injustice and unethical issuesParticipants of the survey besides stated that the ESP trials administered at our universities lead to injustice and unethical issues. That is, about all campaigners acknowledged that Persian people in different metropoliss do non hold entree to the same educational installations such as linguistic communication and trial readying institutes to larn a foreign linguistic communication ; whereas, they have to take the same norm-referenced trials. Therefore, any determination made based on the campaigners ‘ public presentation on these trials in which the campaigners d o non hold the same privileges, is to a great extent unethical and unjust. The undermentioned illustrations are given to exemplify this subject: In fact I do non hold with the policy of trial development and disposal which is presently practiced in our state. Some of the trial takers live in large metropoliss with adequate educational installations. They can go to linguistic communication categories. They can fix instructional stuffs easy. They benefit from really experient linguistic communication instructors. I do non hold the opportunity to do usage of these necessary things. In Iran, the Ph.D campaigners have to take the same trial. Those who began larning English at the earlier age and attended different linguistic communication categories can surely reply all linguistic communication trial points. Sometimes, the campaigners ‘ tonss on content classs are the same but their tonss on English trial are different. Therefore, I think it is non just and ethical to do a determination about the campaigner based on their differences in English tonss ( participant 12 ) . Another participant added: It is truly pathetic. I know some of the maestro pupils whose tonss on content sub-parts of the trial such as applied Chemistry, Physics chemical science were in fact below my tonss. His mark on ESP trial was 90 but mine was 40. He was accepted but I was non. Make you believe it is just? I am certain that neither can he compose a paper nor understand a talk in English. So why should he go through but I fail? . Truly, it is unethical ( participant 5 ) . The consequences of the survey besides indicate that although ESP trials play of import functions in credence or non credence of the campaigners into station alumnus schools ; no 1 knows for certain that these trials measure the scholars ‘ true ESP cognition. Therefore, deficiency of correspondence between ESP trial contents and mark linguistic communication usage state of affairs undertakings will do a sort of unethical and unjust issue. A participant mentioned: How does one cognize that ESP trials are reliable, dependable, and valid? Surely those with good tonss are accepted. Even one point is of import. But are those who scored high on ESP trials able to utilize linguistic communication in mark linguistic communication usage state of affairss? — — I truly doubt. Is it just to accept campaigners based on the consequences of such unimportant trials? — – These are non just and ethical ( participant 19 ) .Credence of unqualified campaignersAnother emerged subject is credence of unqualified campaigners. The participants of the survey believed that entryway scrutiny to third and station alumnus schools are all norm-referenced. In norm-referenced trials even one decimal is finding. Naturally, the mean mark and percentile rank of the trial takers are the standards for credence or non- credence. Therefore, ESP portion of the entryway scrutinies is of much significance. Assuming that the campaigners are all equal in their tonss on content trials but different from each other in ESP trial, those with a better mark on ESP trial are accepted. There are times when the more qualified campaigners are rejected and less adept 1s are accepted. These so- called Ph.D campaigners will be the hereafter directors, professors, etc. They may be less qualified than the 1s non accepted. The undermentioned illustrations are given to exemplify this subject. I think the campaigners should be accepted or rejected merely based on their tonss on proficient trials. How one is proficient in English is non of import. Those who are good at proficient topics are in fact more qualified to come in station alumnus surveies than those who are adept in English but weak at proficient topics ( participant 16 ) . Another participant stated If the campaigners are accepted based on their average tonss on proficient and ESP sub-tests of choice trial, it is more likely that a good mark one a one separate sub-test influences the mean mark and increases the chance of credence. ESP sub-test can besides hold the same function. Therefore, those campaigners whose average mark is positively influenced by ESP mark may be less qualified than those with proper tonss on proficient sub-tests but bad mark on ESP trial ( participant 11 ) .Fiscal effectsThe consequences of the survey indicated that linguistic communication trials peculiarly EAP entryway scrutiny trials have great fiscal effect for both persons and parents. The pupils who are serious about come ining a extremely ranked university spend eventides, weekends and even holidaies fixing for the trial at assorted exam readying schools which provide a assortment of training services. The participants acknowledged that auxiliary instruction of this sort costs a good trade of money and the pupils and their households are willing to do such forfeits. The fiscal effects include text editions, linguistic communication establishment, private coachs, and test readying schoolroom disbursals. The undermentioned illustrations illustrate this subject. I am a pupil and I do non hold excessively much money. I spent rather a batch of money on purchasing text editions and sample EAP trials. I besides spent some money for trial readying categories. Even a penny was of import to me but I had to pass it to purchase the needed books ( participant 6 ) . Another participant stated: My English was non good. I decided to travel to some linguistic communication instructors to learn me. The private category tuition was someway high. Although paying that sum of money was truly hard I had to pay it because I had to ( participant 14 ) . Entrance scrutinies peculiarly linguistic communication trials sometimes have indirect fiscal effects. Participants argued that alternatively of blowing clip to larn English, they can work someplace and gain a great trade of money. One participant argued: I have Master of Science grade in Chemistry. I can hold a good occupation with a great salary but I determined to acquire prepared for Ph.D entryway scrutiny. I studied for about 12 months. If I had worked 12 months, I would hold earned about 12000 dollars. I merely studied difficult but I failed the trial merely because o my bad public presentation in English trials. My mark on the other topics was non bad. I am certain if I had got a better mark on English subpart of the trial, I could hold passed the trial successfully ( participant 9 ) .Family effectsThe EAP/ESP trials have besides some household effects. Participants acknowledged that the consequences of these trials influence the household members of the trial takers to a great extent straight or indirectly. They are emotionally, financially, and psychologically influenced. The undermentioned illustrations are given to exemplify this subject. As I had to analyze hard for the entryway scrutinies, I had no more clip to pass with my household ( my married woman and kids ) . Whenever they asked me to take them out, I did non hold, because I merely wanted to analyze. They got worried and they ever complained. Two or three times my married woman decided to disassociate ( participant 3 ) . Another participant stated: I am married and I have to pass a portion of my clip with my household. But because of the importance of scrutiny, I merely studied. When I was analyzing I could non gain adequate money. Therefore, I could non run into my household fiscal demands. It is their right to hold everything they like. They sometimes did non understand me and in fact felt depressed ( participant 13 ) . The trial takers ‘ psychological and societal jobs caused by trials indirectly influence their household members. One of the household members stated: Persian households are really emotionally closed. They can non be apathetic to each other. Whenever a household member feels worried, down, or disappointed, the other members have the same feelings. When I was fixing myself for the trial I had to travel to bed late and my household stayed awake ( participant 20 ) .DiscussionThe consequences obtained from a trial can hold seriouse effects for persons every bit good the programmes, because many of import determinations are made on the footing of the trials ‘ consequences ( Herman & A ; Golan, 1993 ) . Language scholars and the other participants may be influenced by official information about a trial prior to its administeration including advertisement stuffs from the trial publishing houses or by folk-knowledge such as studies from the pupils who have taken the trials earlier. They may besides be affected by several beginnings of feedback following trial administeration. These would include the existent trial tonss provided by the test hiting service, feedback from the trial takers such as what was easy or hard, what seemed just or unjust, expected, or unexpected, feedback from the monitors, and feedback from the instructors in reaction to the pupils ‘ tonss ( Baily, 1999 ) . Taylor ( 2005 ) besides believes that linguistic communication trials can hold effects beyond merely the schoolroom. Trials and trial consequences have a important impact on the calling or life opportunities of single trial takers. The impacts of different types of trials in different countries of the universe have been studied through empirical observation. The types of trials include national school scrutinies in Sri Lanka ( Wall and Alderson, 1993 ; Wall, 1997,2000 ) , Israel Shohamy et al. , 1996 ) , and Hong Kong ( Cheng, 1997, 1998 ) ; university entryway scrutinies in Japan ( Watanabe, 1997 & A ; 2004 ) ; and international proficiency trials ( Alderson and Hamp-Lyons, 1996 ) . Much of what was revealed by these surveies had to make with what Hughes ( 1989,1988 ) would name the â€Å" procedures † of instruction: the choice of content ( accomplishments, learning stuffs, exam readying stuffs ) , the methodological analysis instructors used and the ways in which they assessed their ain pupils. The findings associating to `participants ‘ frequently had to make with the emphasis and anxiousness felt by instructors and scholars. In line with findings of the above mentioned impact surveies, the consequences of the present survey indicated that maestro and doctorial ESP trials administered as national entryway scrutiny to Persian province universities influence scholars, ESP instructors and society in different ways. The first subject emerged from the content analysis of the interviews was describrd as the psychological effects. The psychological impacts were subcategorized into emphasis and anxiousness, depression, letdown, and false self- assurance and learning efficay. The findings of the impact surveies carried out in different parts of the universe merely confirmed scholars and instructors ‘ emphasis and anxiousness before and after trial administeration ; whereas, the consequences of the present survey indicate that in adition to emphasize and anxiousness, the scholars become down and defeated. Furthermore, their assurance is negatively influenced by such trials. Pearson ( 1988 ) says it is accepted that public scrutinies influence the attitudes, behaviours, and motives of the scholars, parents, and instructors. This influence is frequently seen as negative. The reappraisal of literature besides indicated that scrutinies distort course of study. The fidings of the present survey besides indicated that a chief negative effect of ESP trials on Persian ESP instructors is deformation of course of study. That is, they ignore linguistic communication accomplishments which do non lend straight to go throughing the test. Rather, they merely lay accent on learning proficient vocabulary and reading through limited learning schemes such as interlingual rendition to pupils ‘ native linguistic communication. As such a sort of learning method does non necessitate proficiency in the other linguistic communication accomplishments, the instructor think they are really efficaciouse. That is why, they think they have a high instruction efficaciousness. Participants of the survey besides reported that ESP/EAP trials have societal effects. Not unlike the findings of washback surveies, the consequences of the survey indicated that societal effects of ESP trials including want from high instruction, unfairness, and credence of unqualified campaigners are all negative. Therefore, in line with Davies, 1997 ; Messick,1989,1994, 1996 ; Hamp-Lyons, 1997a, 1997b, 1989,2000,1999 ; McNamara, 1999 reasoning for a professional morality among linguistic communication examiners to protect the profession ‘s members and persons from the abuse and maltreatment of the trial, it could be argued that ESP trials in Iran are unjust and violate moralss premises. Sing the usage of ESP trials use as instruments of societal policy and control and their gate-keeping map ( Spolsky, 1997, 1981, 1994 ) , it could be argued that ESP trials in Iran will take to acceptance and rejection of some campaigners whom we are non certain of their true ability ; accord ingly, the society does non profit from the qualified campaigners and some qualified campaigners are deprived from instruction while it is their ain civil and societal right to be accepted in universities. ESP trials practiced at Persian universities, to set in words of Shohamy ( 1997, 1993,1998, 2000 ) , contain contents or employ methods which are non just to all test-takers. As the consequences, utilizations of such trials which exercise control and manipulate stakeholders instead than supplying information on the proficiency degrees seem to be against moralss of linguistic communication testing. Fiscal impact of ESP trials on trial takers was the 3rd subject emerged from the content analysis of the present survey informations. Due to the impacts of the enterance scrutinies on the calling or life opportunities of single trial takers, they have to pass a great trade of money for readying categories, sample trials, and even private tuition. As bulk of the trial takers are pupils or unemployed, it is someway hard for them to gain money. Therefore, their life is greatly influenced by the consequences of trials. Furthermore, the trial takers who are bread victors of the household can non fulfill their households financially, because they do non hold clip to work someplace to gain money. Furthermore, the consequences indicated that the trial takers ‘ household members such as parents, kids, hubbies, and married womans, are all straight or indirectly influence by the trials effects. The findings of the other surveies indicated trial effects on the scholars ‘ parents ; whereas, this survey showed that in add-on to scholars ‘ parents, their kids, hubbies, and married womans were all influenced by psychological, societal, and fiscal effects of the trials. Such clear difference between the findings of this survey and the other surveies is profoundly rooted in the differences between the cultural and societal values of the scholars. In Iran, household members closely related and experience sympathy with each other. About all effects reported by the participants were negative. That is, niether do they ensue in great inventions in acquisition and learning ESP nor do they hold posotive and good effects on the interest holders. The great negative effects of ESP trials, acoording to Kiani, Akbari, and Alibakhshi ( forthcoming ) are due their deficiency of straightness and genuineness. They believe that reliable trials will surely take to great posotive effects. Another justification for such negative effects is the intent of ESP trials and the decicisions which are made on the footing of trials. Naturally the negative effects of norm-referenced trials are more serious than criterion-referenced 1s.DecisionThis survey was an effort to expolre the effects of ESP trials on trial takers and instructors ‘ life and society. The premise is that valid trials have posotive effects on the interest holders, society and educational systems and invalid trials have negative effects on all interest holders an d distort course of study. The consequences of the present survey showed that the effects of the ESP trials were all negative. Therefore, it could be concluded that these trials lack eventful cogency which is a chief constituent of costruct cogency ( Messick, ) . Sing such a fatal defect in ESP trials, we suggest that great alterations in the contents, intent and determinations made on the footing of these trials consequences are needed so that we can do a alteration in learning ESP at our local universities. That is, it is concluded that the invalid trials should non be used as the instruments which filter the entery and nonentry of some candiadates to province universities. Furthermore, any determination made on the footing of invalid trials is against the critical issues of equity and moralss. Therfore, it is indispensable that the trial developers try to devlope more reliable and direct trials, because reliable and direct trials have a good washback cogency.

Essay about Blood is Thicker than Water in Ethical Dilemma

Ethical Dilemma Is blood really thicker than water when it comes to ethical decisions? In this paper I will explain why I sacrificed an almost non-existent relationship with my brother to do the right thing. My dilemma occurred when brother announced he was getting a divorce. His wife alleged unfaithfulness on his part; however, he convinced my parents there were no outside parties involved. I was aware the allegations were true along with a previous occurrence of infidelity five years earlier. I had first-hand knowledge, but never revealed this to him or his wife. My brother and I are the only surviving children in our family. Although family is important to me, the relationship with my brother is severely strained. I love him, but†¦show more content†¦However, he told the family he wanted nothing to do with her. He also convinced her that one day they would go to Las Vegas and marry again. I discussed this with my parents and was chastised for getting involved. After discussing the matter with a Christian friend, I made a conscious ethical decision to do the right thing and offer her advice based on information I was privy too. This was a difficult decision due to the unspoken sense of loyalty to family that I was raised with. I knew once I helped her there was no turning back. I advised her that I would assist as long as the conversations were kept private. I was raised with the mindset that family always comes first. There were five of us children and we were thicker than thieves growing up. If someone had a battle with one, they got four more by default. Therefore, choosing to support her behind my families back was a huge ethical dilemma for me. I have no doubt that if my parents knew about the emotional support and advice I provided to her during that period, they would not understand how I chose her over my own flesh and blood. I would hope that in time they would forgive me because they raised me to demonstrate high moral behavior. I have never been one to sit idly by and allow injustices to occur if I could prevent them. I tried reasoning with him at times, but he wanted no part ofShow MoreRelatedPlastic Surgery : A Image Of A Woman s Appearance3314 Words   |  14 Pagessociety pushes these women to undergo pain and break the bank just to be accepted. When it comes to considering surgery, doctors also have to consider if the su rgery is right for their patients. This procedure has a lot of risks and ethical dilemmas that go more than skin deep. One of the more sought out forms of plastic surgery would be an abdominoplasty, or tummy tuck. Doctors need to thoroughly examine the patients’ moral reasoning for the surgery to determine whether they are the right type ofRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesBalance Work–Life Conflicts 21 †¢ Creating a Positive Work Environment 22 †¢ Improving Ethical Behavior 22 Coming Attractions: Developing an OB Model 23 An Overview 23 †¢ Inputs 24 †¢ Processes 25 †¢ Outcomes 25 Summary and Implications for Managers 30 S A L Self-Assessment Library How Much Do I Know About Organizational Behavior? 4 Myth or Science? â€Å"Most Acts of Workplace Bullying Are Men Attacking Women† 12 An Ethical Choice Can You Learn from Failure? 24 glOBalization! Does National Culture AffectRead MoreProject Managment Case Studies214937 Words   |  860 PagesShanghai Banking Corporation Limited: Hongkong Bank Headquarters (C) (see handout provided by instructor) Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Limited: Hongkong Bank Headquarters (Cl) (see handout provided by instructor) Preface Other than on-the-job training, case studies and situations are perhaps the best way to learn project management. Case studies allow the students to apply the knowledge learned in lectures. Case studies require that the students investigate what went right in

The National Security Scam - 1117 Words

September 11th, 2001, arguably the most unforgettable day in modern history of the United States of America. It is a day that acts as a launch pad for the National Security Agency (NSA) and the plea for unlawful surveillance of Americans. The National Security Agency is understood to have the power to â€Å"global monitoring, collection, decoding, and analysis -- through clandestine means -- of information for foreign intelligence and counterintelligence purposes† (Nsa 1). Following 9/11, the Bush administration created the USA PATRIOT Act, established in a time of distress. â€Å"The USA PATRIOT Act, giving the government the power to search phone records, emails, and other forms of communication to gather intelligence† (Nsa 1). It lives on today under the control of President Obama who has forged compliances with big name companies to access intelligence on all scales in a primarily digital world. Considering the power of the government, anything can be deemed â€Å" legal† with the votes and fabricated statements of a bright future given by authorized lawmakers. The covert operating style of the National Security Agency allows for the collection of an unreasonable amount of communication records making a mockery of one’s way of life and guaranteed liberties. Since the introduction of the Fourth Amendment, the people of the United States of America have been given the right to privacy. The interpretation of the Fourth Amendment as it stands today is in a state of corruption due to theShow MoreRelatedINDIA ELECTION 20141683 Words   |  7 Pagesphases to better handle the large electoral base and security concerns. Congress had a empathic victory in 2009 lok sabha elections .UPA- 2 started on a high by wining almost full majority of its own.However ,their second term has been marred with controversies and corruption allegations.Starting with common wealth game scam,every few monthes saw a new scam coming out like Adarsh society scam and the biggest of all 2 G scam coal scam land aquastion scam,.Fuel and commodity prices have raisen sharply inRead MoreThe Role Of Digital Data And Associated Information System1656 Words   |  7 Pages2013). This report is based on the case study of National Australia Bank in order to analyse the challenges that are faced by the Bank in the fields of data management and data governance. The impacts created by information system and its management on business model of â€Å"National Australia Bank â€Å"are also discussed in the report. It has been found that increased impact of Digital data has expanded the horizon of business opportunities available for â₠¬Å"National Bank of Australia† to a larger extent. The incorporationRead MoreTrends in Cybercrime1083 Words   |  5 Pageswith today within this paper will address the following key elements; the types of scams are associated with the cybercrime, are there certain profile that cybercriminal have who commits this type of cybercrime. Are law enforcement initiatives to combat this crime enough, the penalties for committing these crimes what are they. Trends in cyber-crime In today business world the economy and national security have become heavily dependent on the internet, and will continue to be adversely impactedRead MoreNeglect As Defined By Merriam Webster Essay1515 Words   |  7 Pagesdefined as persons sixty and up. Senior neglect is not fulfilling a caretaking obligation. It could also include putting your elderly grandparents or parent on the backburner. Not giving them the attention and love they deserve. According to the National Center on elder abuse ninety percent of the roughly two percent of elderly neglect cases actually reported to the authorities are committed by a family member- whether intentional or not. They are not only neglected by their caregivers and or theirRead MoreDigital Ethics And Cyber Enactment Laws1597 Words   |  7 Pagesto take after digital morals and digital laws so that the expanding digital violations will lessen (Olumide Victor, 2010). Securities programming like hostile to infections and against spy products ought to be introduced on all PCs, keeping in mind the end goal to stay secure from digital violations. Web access Providers ought to likewise give abnormal state of security at their servers with a specific end goal to keep their customers secure from a wide range of infections and pernicious projectsRead MoreInvestigative Journalism1637 Words   |  7 Pagesto be an eye opener for several ordinary citizens . Public can closely follow several issues. This is a stupendous improvement perhaps investigative journalism is taking a tweak in its favour most times. ` ` ` ` The exposure of scams and fraud cases of the Government The alertness amongst common people due to in depth investigation of major issues like 26/11 attacks or the 13/7 triple blasts in Mumbai. The dependency on media to know what the latest facts and stories areRead MoreCyber Crime And The Internet1326 Words   |  6 Pagestechnological advances, the ubiquity of cybercrime is increasing dramatically. Common Scams Identity Theft – Egregious Frauds Internet fraud usually happens in the form of scams which are revised versions of fraudulent schemes that use telemarketing, high pressure sales tactics and unrealistic claims of potential profits or earnings to sway the victims. The National Consumers League (NCL) operates the National Fraud Information Center, which estimates that there are 14,000 illegal telemarketingRead MoreThe Ponzi Scheme and Mental Illness Essay1236 Words   |  5 Pageson these stamps. So where were all these profits coming from? The investors that invested early received payments from the later investors. The scam started 26 DEC 1919 and by 26 July 1920 the Massachusetts district attorney shut down the scam. 7 months was all it took to turn a $200 loan into $10 million. After the word got out about the scam people began demanding their money back. He claimed he could pay the investors back at face value and unmatured stamps at a reduced rate. Ponzi continuedRead MoreCyber Security Threats And Crimes1279 Words   |  6 Pages Cyber security threats/crimes Before people even knew you could do so much with computers and internet beside common work activity before it got popular and admired, criminals had to get a lot more personal when retrieving their personal information like dig through trash, steal or break into their mailboxes, are buy it from a somebody who sold other people identity was some of the way criminal got people personal information. Now many of people aroundRead MoreAlthough only required to discuss two associations this writer thought it was important to discuss1000 Words   |  4 PagesSEC as they are directly connected to FINRA in that they take litigation cases, and fraud cases from FINRA and follows up on whether any security laws or criminal laws were broken. Once they investigate the wrong doing they proceed with the corrective action that best suits the offense not excluding criminal prosecution and jail time. According to the Securities and Exchange Commission (2014) website the mission of the SEC is to â⠂¬Å"protect investors, maintain fair, orderly, and efficient markets, and

The Soviet Revolution Of Ussr - 872 Words

1. America was always anti-communist however they were also isolationists until after 1945. In WWII the US fought alongside Russia. Russia, however, was communist ever since the Russian Revolution in 1917. The Russian Revolution also brought to the surface USSR (United Soviet Socialist Republics). The USSR was the only real controlling party of Russia from 1917-99. Because of the anti-communist tension of the US, the US did not recognize the legitimacy of the USSR until 1934. So even though the US fought alongside USSR in WWII, there was always a sort of mistrust. The US has changed since 1945. Firstly, the US’ foreign policy changed. Before 1945 the US practiced isolationism, which let them believe whatever they wanted but not actually act. After WWII, the US became the world’s policeman. WWII did not drain the US’ economy, in fact it improved it significantly, whereas other countries fell, it left a place up on top for the US. So the US became a world power and an interventionist nation, throwing isolationism right out the door; but it does not stop there. The US is also determined to stop the spread of communism, and starting in 1993 the war on terrorism. And as soon as WWII ends the Cold War starts with the USSR. 2. One of the most important presidents during the Cold War was Harry S. Truman. He set forth the notion of containment. Containment is where the US tried to contain communism in every country they could. A great fear was that of the domino effect, theShow MoreRelatedUssr And The Soviet Revolution2076 Words   |  9 PagesAfter the end of World War II, there was a bipolar world with the two superpowers being the United States and the United Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). Though they fought together in the war to defeat Hitler and the Axis powers, their lifestyles were too different to remain allies once it ended. The United States had a capitalist economy with free-markets whereas the USSR was a communist nation. Due to this, the two nations were in the midst of a Cold War. Instead of fighting with armies, theyRead MoreWhat Were the Turning-Point Events That Kept Relations Between the Soviet Union and China Hostile for over 20 Years?846 Words   |  4 Pagesevents that kept re lations between the Soviet Union and China hostile for over 20 years? There were many disputes between China and Russia between the 1950s and 1960s. The disputes may be caused by ideological differences, self-interest, personalities of the leaders, or domestic problems. Mao and Stalin had ideological differences. Although Mao and Stalin’s ideologies are based on Marxism, Stalin believed Mao using the peasants as the basis for revolution is not the right interpretation of MarxismRead MoreThe Revolution Of The Soviet Revolution1371 Words   |  6 Pagesthe USSR. His leadership in the revolutionary Bolshevik party served as an important model for later revolutionary leaders of the 20th century. Lenin’s works made important contributions to the development of revolutionary socialist theory. Many may feel that Lenin had little impact on the rest of the world, but this is frankly just not true. Through the Bolshevik Revolution, Lenin brought about the USSR and the basic idea of communism. Lenin had bright ideas for the future of the USSR, andRead MoreWorld Revolution Vs. Soviet Policy1388 Words   |  6 Pages Initially the need for a world revolution dominated Bolshevik ideals to such an extent that foreign policy in the USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) was regarded as unnecessary. Soviet Policy was dominated by conflicting ideologies; the Marxist ideological view, and the Commissariat’s traditional policy theory. By co-operating with both mindsets, the Communist International, or Comintern, was created in order to work towards global revolution. In 1922, under the control of Vladimir LeninRead MoreSino Soviet Split Essay1312 Words   |  6 PagesSino-Soviet Split Thesis: The reasons for the Sino Soviet split can be placed upon the political, economic and social difference between the nations; especially the ideological differences. Political Long Term * Stalin feared Mao as a rival for the leadership of the communist world * Didn’t want the Cold War to spread to  Asia * Stalin underestimated the CCP * Believed the GMD would be stronger, * Wanted the communists to unite * Even when the victoryRead MoreMikhail Gorbachev And The Soviet Union882 Words   |  4 PagesDuring the 1900 s, the Soviet Union proved to be one of the most powerful and ruthless empires in history. They had vast amount of land under their control, millions of people that came from different ethnicities, and was one of the worlds strongest military power. However, through the struggle for military power, economic factors, ethnic fragmentation it watched its mighty empire crumble, and many blamed its president, Mikhail Gorbachev and his incompetent decisions for it. Mikhail Gorbachev,Read MoreOne of the most crucial events in the twentieth century was the fall of the Soviet Union also known1100 Words   |  5 Pagescentury was the fall of the Soviet Union also known as the USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics). The creation of the USSR was mainly the upshot from the leadership of Vladimir Lenin Ilyich in 1917. He was born in Simbirsk later known as Ulyanovsk in 1870. The USSR, during its prime, was one of the strongest most influential superpowers. Post World War II the United States and the USSR were the only superpowers left on the planet. 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In 1960, China and Soviet Union were believed to be the two largest states with the communist approach internationally (Ross 3). The origin of Sino- Soviet split can be found from the era of 1940’s, when China fought the Sino-Japanese war (1937-45)Read MoreWeakness Of The American Foreign Policy Essay1733 Words   |  7 Pagescause to the USSR’s invasion of Afghanistan in 1979? ` The dà ©tente, a time were US and USSR were aiming to improve relations, did not prevent all diverse threats towards the USSR lead to a reaction such as their aggressive invasion of Afghanistan. In 1979, the Soviet Union made a fateful decision of invading Afghanistan. To put at risk this easing of strained relations which began in 1971 with the Soviet invasion, USSR must have had a valid enough reason. For the purpose of this essay, aggressive expansionism

Oscar Wilde’s Dorian Gray Free Essays

Oscar Wilde’s Picture of Dorian Gray received immediate criticism when it was published in 1890, being described as contaminated, unclean, and nauseous. The criticism stemmed from the challenges that were made by Oscar Wilde regarding Victorian morality. The novel was written in the aesthetic era, an era where authors attempted to reverse the role of art, to have no purpose besides being beautiful. We will write a custom essay sample on Oscar Wilde’s Dorian Gray or any similar topic only for you Order Now Critics of the novel did not like this idea, fearing that it would corrupt readers, specifically their moral values. English philosopher Alfred Whitehead gave this view on morality, â€Å"What is morality in any given time or place? It is what the majority then and there happen to like and immorality is what they dislike. † Oscar Wilde added a preface to the novel a year later, in which he said, â€Å"There is no such thing as a moral or an immoral book, books are well written or badly written. That is all. † Adding onto Whitehead’s view, other morals exist outside of the majority, and people will develop their own morals based on how they interpret a situation. When Wilde reacts by saying that immoral and moral books don’t exist, I agree. The perspective that I developed in tying the 2 quotes together is that yes, a book is not written as moral or immoral, but it is viewed moral or immoral, depending on the reader’s own beliefs. I will argue that The Picture of Dorian Gray suggests that art can have immoral effects, but the artist should not bear complete responsibility. The prime purpose of art in the Victorian Era to most viewers was to give concrete moral values. The concept of Hedonism in the Picture of Dorian Gray is evident throughout, and was the root for it’s criticism. Lord Henry is responsible for placing these pleasure-seeking ideas in Dorian’s mind, as Dorian became obsessed with Lord Henry. In Wilde’s time period, as mentioned earlier, the artists were challenging accepted social norms. It is evident that Lord Henry is also challenging accepted morals when he says, â€Å"Modern morality consists in accepting the standard of one’s age. I consider that for any man of culture to accept the standard of his age is a form of the grossest immorality. † Challenging social norms is one characteristic that Wilde and Lord Henry share. Therefore, since this is a big part of the novel, I argue that Wilde wrote the novel as if he was Lord Henry. This is important because some view Lord Henry as the main reason for Dorian’s downfall. To counter this, I want to point out that Dorian is the one who let Lord Henry influence him. Further, when Lord Henry gives Dorian the mysterious yellow book, it is Dorian’s choice to base his life around this guide on how to live a pleasure-seeking life. The main argument I am making here is that Lord Henry cannot be fully blamed for Dorian’s downfall. As it related to Wilde, he does write immoral ideas for his time. For example, hedonism and homosexuality. The point is yes Wilde wrote about these topics, but he should not be held responsible and considered immoral as an artist because his time period rejected these views. A big part of the novel that needs to be looked at if Wilde wrote the book through Lord Henry’s eyes is the fact that Dorian ended up dead at the end of the book and Lord Henry didn’t face consequence. This is Wilde suggesting that Lord Henry’s sayings, books, and thrill seeking lifestyle are all irrelevant to Dorian’s morality. Relating this to real life, Wilde is suggesting that a piece of art is not based on the moral value of the artist, but rather the way a viewer lets the work influence him or her. The slow deteriorating of Dorian’s painting is a reflection of the sins he has committed. For example, when he embarrasses Sibyl and it leads to her suicide. Another example is Dorian’s killing of Basil. Finally, when Dorian attempts to change his lifestyle and not screw over another girl, the painting worsens. The painting mirrors an image of sins that Dorian cannot erase or escape guilt. Dorian stabbing the painting shows that he died from his own sin, not by any influence. The art is then returned to its original beauty. This shows that Wilde is suggesting that art should be kept separate from morals in society. Further, this is justified by art being viewed in this new movement as strictly beautiful; it bears no responsibility for a moral purpose. An artist’s responsibility to morals is again minimized. Another point I would like to bring up is that if The Picture of Dorian Gray came out in a different time period, it would not have been so heavily criticized. This is because people would have had different morals and immorals, as reflected in Whitehead’s previous quote. If you agree with this, you have to agree with the argument that an artist is not fully responsible for any moral or immoral judgment of his or her art. The final perspective I would like to point out is for those who interpreted Wilde as writing the story through the eyes of Basil. At some points, I can agree with this, and it strengthens the argument that Wilde feared criticism by a good majority of people at his time. This is evident when Basil is afraid to show off his painting, in fear of what others will interpret it as. This is similar to Wilde’s work of Dorian Gray, in that Wilde wrote a story that challenged some moral beliefs, and was hesitant as to what people might think. When Basil finally does reveal his painting it is viewed as beautiful, but slowly deteriorates. I argue that this is how Wilde felt about his work, that it was the perfect novel, but it to was brought down by heavy criticism of another person. The point here is that Wilde did not intend everything in the story to be a moral message, he used his characters actions as puzzles pieces for each reader to put together their own beliefs. Therefore, his critics should not hold him morally responsible. The belief of hedonism is demonstrated throughout the book, as mentioned earlier; in the way that Dorian lives his life. This is an example of Wilde reflecting his new movement’s ideas, to live for beauty. In the article The Conflict Between Aestheticism and Morality in Oscar Wilde’s The Picture of Dorian Gray, author Patrick Duggan makes the observation that hedonism is what Wilde was attempting to introduce through Dorian, but at the end of the novel Wilde puts restraint on this lifestyle. When Dorian cannot reverse his sins, Wilde is suggesting that people still need to consider the consequences of their actions. Further, yes Wilde displays a thrill seeking lifestyle in the Picture of Dorian Gray, but he also suggests that the artistic movement he is involved in will only survive with SOME limitation. This view complies with my argument that art can have an immoral effect on people. Which is why an artist must have SOME consideration, but the artist will not bear complete responsibility because each viewer is going to look at artwork differently. How to cite Oscar Wilde’s Dorian Gray, Essay examples

Stem cell Essay Example For Students

Stem cell Essay Few recent scientific issues have stimulated so much media attention, public debate and government involvement as that of Stem cell Essay research. Stem cells offer people hope by promising to greatly extend the number and range of patients who could benefit from transplants, and to provide novel therapies to treat debilitating diseases such as diabetes, Parkinsons, Huntingtons, heart disease and stroke, as well as accidental damage such as spinal cord injury. So why would anyone object to research in this area? The problem is simply that a particular type of stem cell, which potentially could provide many cell types for a wide range of therapeutic uses, is obtained from the very early embryo. To make matters even more contentious, the same cloning technology that gave Dolly the sheep could in theory be used to tailor stem cells to the patient. Some people worry that we are taking research too far down paths that make them feel uncomfortable, others think it is downright immoral and against their deep-held, often religious, beliefs. We will write a custom essay on Stem cell specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now But what are the scientific issues and why do many of us feel equally passionate that the research should be allowed? What are meant by stem cells and how might they be used? There are many types of stem cell, but they share several interesting properties that set them aside from other cell types. The adult body contains hundreds of specialised or differentiated cell types, each playing a particular role. Some of these are long lived and do not divide, such as nerve cells; others are short lived and need to be replaced through cell division. Usually, when cells divide, their daughter cells are identical and of the same type as the parent cell. In other words they divide symmetrically. Additionally, their fate and their properties are fixed once a liver cell, always a liver cell. In contrast, stem cells undergo asymmetric divisions, producing both another stem cell, in a process called self-renewal, and a cell that will become differentiated. The differentiated cell may still be able to divide, but it cannot normally go back to form the original type of cell. In some circumstances stem cells can increase their numbers, giving rise only to more stem cells. However, stem cells in the adult are usually in tune with the tissue to which they belong. They divide at the appropriate rate to self renew and to give rise to just sufficient differentiated cells to replenish those that have been lost. However, with accidental trauma or disease the normal rate of regeneration is often too slow to allow for repair. This is particularly true within the nervous system, but also in other tissues where turnover is low, such as the pancreas. How can we harness stem cells to cure diseases? We have become very used to the idea of organ transplants in medicine, to treat a wide range of problems from cataracts to kidney or heart disease. However, we are also all aware of the frequency with which they fail, often through immune rejection, and there is also a serious shortage of organ donors. Both problems could be solved if tissue could be taken from one part of the body to repair another part of the same individual. There are relatively few cases where this is done at present, e.g. using valves from leg veins to repair heart valves. Rather than using whole donor organs or tissues, an alternative would be to use the stem cells able to form those tissues. In fact this is already done with bone marrow transplants, where the stem cells in the graft can regenerate all the different types of cell in the blood. Other types of stem cell could be used in a similar way. For example, the correct stem cell type might allow specific cell types to be replaced in the nervous system, where it is impossible to transplant whole structures. The idea is to identify and remove the stem cells from a particular tissue, multiply them outside of the body and then use them to replace damaged tissue. .uff2848da78ff94d10ae98a9dc00b73a6 , .uff2848da78ff94d10ae98a9dc00b73a6 .postImageUrl , .uff2848da78ff94d10ae98a9dc00b73a6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uff2848da78ff94d10ae98a9dc00b73a6 , .uff2848da78ff94d10ae98a9dc00b73a6:hover , .uff2848da78ff94d10ae98a9dc00b73a6:visited , .uff2848da78ff94d10ae98a9dc00b73a6:active { border:0!important; } .uff2848da78ff94d10ae98a9dc00b73a6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uff2848da78ff94d10ae98a9dc00b73a6 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uff2848da78ff94d10ae98a9dc00b73a6:active , .uff2848da78ff94d10ae98a9dc00b73a6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uff2848da78ff94d10ae98a9dc00b73a6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uff2848da78ff94d10ae98a9dc00b73a6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uff2848da78ff94d10ae98a9dc00b73a6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uff2848da78ff94d10ae98a9dc00b73a6 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uff2848da78ff94d10ae98a9dc00b73a6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uff2848da78ff94d10ae98a9dc00b73a6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uff2848da78ff94d10ae98a9dc00b73a6 .uff2848da78ff94d10ae98a9dc00b73a6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uff2848da78ff94d10ae98a9dc00b73a6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Same Sex Marriages Essay This is already done to some extent to repair skin in burn victims, where a small piece of skin can be grown to cover a burn many times the area . Stem Cell Essay Example For Students Stem Cell Essay Oh the Healing Possibilities What if Superman was able to walk again? Christopher Reeves was the actor we all knew as Superman. A few years ago he had a horse-back riding accident which left him paralyzed from the neck down. His spinal cord was severed and there was nothing doctors could do to help him but, there might be hope for him after all. There is a great new field of research in which scientists are trying to find ways to solve these types of problems along with many others. Research in the use of Stem Cell Essays holds limitless possibilities in the medical field. We will write a custom essay on Stem Cell specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Stem cells are the cells in our bodies that are in their primitive form. These cells have not yet become the type of cell they are destined to be, whether it be nervous tissue or another. However, even though stem cell research is a great new field, its progress is being limited by moral concerns and ethical questions. In order to let medicine reach its full potential, stem cell research should be legalized in throughout the 50 states. Knowledge of these cells would save countless lives and should not go un-tapped. Knowledge about stem cells is quite limited as of the present day. There has not been that many experiments done considering the amount that could be carried out if only it was legal. Research with stem cells is very hard to complete since it is outlawed in 48 of the 50 United States. Only California and New Jersey allow such research to be carried out within their borders. In order for any advancement to be made, people would have to except this kind of research as a much needed action and which has to be done. Also, as of right now, only 60 lines of stem cells are available for research globally. Most of these 60 lines are also held by foreign nations which make it extremely difficult for any laboratory in the United States to acquire any sample to experiment with. Some people share such views as the President of the United States, George Bush, that the amount of stem cells available will be sufficient for research. This idea, however, is not held by many scientists and biochemists alike. A reaction taken from an article from Dr. Sanjay Gupta expresses the feelings of one biochemist of the University of Pennsylvania. I think were going to really have a problem here in fulfilling what George Bush promised, and that is that what is out there is enough. said Arthur Caplan. It seems to be very clear that the availability of these stem cells is the reason knowledge is limited on the subject. This amount of cells would be able to increase greatly if only all 50 states legalized the research. Without this research, the United States will surely be passed up by other countries in the medical field. Despite the fact the U.S. wants to be ahead of other nations, many American citizens could be cured of their ailments and their lives would be able to be saved. The possibilities with the use of stem cells seem to be almost endless. So many good things could come out of using these ideas in modern medicine such as a cure for eltzhymers and diabetes. The fundamental idea behind stem cells is that one would be able to use these cells to create any type of cell that is needed. A doctor would be able to use this technique to cure some ailments that were previously considered incurable. Diseases and injuries such as paralysis could be cured by simply re-growing certain types of cells. This also means that any tissue would be able to me duplicated using ones own DNA. .u10ee853d9c3dc36ecbb91c08b347d982 , .u10ee853d9c3dc36ecbb91c08b347d982 .postImageUrl , .u10ee853d9c3dc36ecbb91c08b347d982 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u10ee853d9c3dc36ecbb91c08b347d982 , .u10ee853d9c3dc36ecbb91c08b347d982:hover , .u10ee853d9c3dc36ecbb91c08b347d982:visited , .u10ee853d9c3dc36ecbb91c08b347d982:active { border:0!important; } .u10ee853d9c3dc36ecbb91c08b347d982 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u10ee853d9c3dc36ecbb91c08b347d982 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u10ee853d9c3dc36ecbb91c08b347d982:active , .u10ee853d9c3dc36ecbb91c08b347d982:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u10ee853d9c3dc36ecbb91c08b347d982 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u10ee853d9c3dc36ecbb91c08b347d982 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u10ee853d9c3dc36ecbb91c08b347d982 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u10ee853d9c3dc36ecbb91c08b347d982 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u10ee853d9c3dc36ecbb91c08b347d982:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u10ee853d9c3dc36ecbb91c08b347d982 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u10ee853d9c3dc36ecbb91c08b347d982 .u10ee853d9c3dc36ecbb91c08b347d982-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u10ee853d9c3dc36ecbb91c08b347d982:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Flag Desecration Essay This great advantage could mean the end to having transplanted organs rejected by the body which would increase survival chances of patients. If someone experienced problems such as heart or liver failure, doctors would simply be able to form a new organ using stem cells from the patients body. A great testament to this idea comes from Dr. John McDonald who is the current nerve doctor for Christopher Reeve. Dr. Mcdonald is the director of the Spinal Cord Injury Unit . Stem cell Essay Example For Students Stem cell Essay Stem cell Essay Research One of the most popular clinical studies being researched these days is stem cell transplantation. Until recently, moral issues of states and countries havent allowed research to expound deeply into the unknowns. Within the last ten years though, scientists have made leaps and bounds in finding out concrete facts that this stem cell research has supplied. Tommy G. Thompson, Secretary of Health Services states, ;I believe it will open up a world of opportunity for scientists, not only at the NIH, but elsewhere, because it demonstrates a cooperative atmosphere among academia, the private sector, and government that will allow us to move ahead; (;sign stem;1). We will write a custom essay on Stem cell specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now New ways of conducting stem cell research have made the healing and repairing treatment for many diverse applications. To prove their point, scientists have broken down the basic facts of their studies throughout the last ten years. Embryonic stem cell transplantation is a related course of cells that are in charge of certain functions and systems of the body. The cells used in the transplantation process are contrived from ;cryopreserved suspensions; from the fetal liver, thymus, bone marrow, spleen, brain, and the pancreas. Introducing these cells to the body can be approached in different ways. The first step taken is engrafting or multiplying cells in the affected area. These cells will then supplement missing or declining cells and replace/repair missing functions of the body. Production then commences with considerable amounts of biologically active substances such as nerve growth factor, tumor necrosis factor and interleukins etc. When these cells have been transplanted, they are capable of migrating, establishing intercellular links and responding to various effects. However, because of their immature transplantation to the human body, these cells cause a weaker immune response than mature cells. Alexander Smikodub, a doctor of Medical Science at the National Medical University states, ;cells that we use are not considered by the immune system of the recipient as foreign, therefore, they can survive, multiply, and develop full function in the body of a new host; Smikodub). These cells can then survive and multiply, capable of lasting for months and years in the body of the recipient. In the areas where tissue or organs have been damaged or lost, they substitute the lack of functional activities. These cells can also produce new generations of cells that are needed by the patient. When strategically placed, they can support, restore and replace the functions of their specialization in the body. These methods have never received such success with amazing reparative and rejuvenating actions and effects. Scientists working with this field for the last decade have explained the steps observed from their view in detail. After the transplantation occurs, there appear positive changes in emotional and psychological sphere of the patient. In this period, the disappearance of depression, improvement in mental creativity and an inner feeling of strength are a few of the results immediately noticeable. In all of these changes occurring, there is a substantial reinforcement of the will and spirit of the person. With some diseases, these changes are very drastic and very important due to the grim and psychological background of the case. Mental capacity also increases quite soon, creating better concentration and ability to maintain attention, thinking, speech and memory. Some of the neurotic manifestations of the patient tend to disappear beginning with irritability, easy fatigue and apathy. At this time sleep improves and insomnia disappears with sleep becoming refreshing and recuperative. While their sleep is improving, patients also find that their physical activity likewise increases. Desiring to move, they persistently increase their physical load of bodily functions and workout. In this process, overweight people tend to become more in shape and skinny people increase weight. Overall, their appearance gains freshness and rejuvenation of presence. Some of the biggest changes taking place at this time are movements that the patient could previously not accomplish at any level. The coordination of movement being restored, the nerve system is directly affected for the better. .u77a9f67a17d90eece71b38229d0ba126 , .u77a9f67a17d90eece71b38229d0ba126 .postImageUrl , .u77a9f67a17d90eece71b38229d0ba126 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u77a9f67a17d90eece71b38229d0ba126 , .u77a9f67a17d90eece71b38229d0ba126:hover , .u77a9f67a17d90eece71b38229d0ba126:visited , .u77a9f67a17d90eece71b38229d0ba126:active { border:0!important; } .u77a9f67a17d90eece71b38229d0ba126 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u77a9f67a17d90eece71b38229d0ba126 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u77a9f67a17d90eece71b38229d0ba126:active , .u77a9f67a17d90eece71b38229d0ba126:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u77a9f67a17d90eece71b38229d0ba126 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u77a9f67a17d90eece71b38229d0ba126 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u77a9f67a17d90eece71b38229d0ba126 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u77a9f67a17d90eece71b38229d0ba126 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u77a9f67a17d90eece71b38229d0ba126:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u77a9f67a17d90eece71b38229d0ba126 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u77a9f67a17d90eece71b38229d0ba126 .u77a9f67a17d90eece71b38229d0ba126-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u77a9f67a17d90eece71b38229d0ba126:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Hacking For Money Essay These changes that are occurring can happen quickly of over an extended period of time depending on the patients situation. On the interior of the patient, recovery commences at a steady pace beginning with weakened or damaged .