Sally Hemings Children

Sally Hemings' Children When James Thomas Callender published allegations in 1802 alleging that Sally Hemings was not just Thomas Jeffersons slave, but his concubine, it was the beginning but not the end of public speculation on the parentage of Hemings children. Sally Hemings Own Genealogy Sally Hemings  was  a slave owned by Jefferson who came to him through his wife,  Martha Wayles Skelton Jefferson. She may have been Martha Jeffersons half-sister, fathered by Marthas father, John Wayles.   Sallys mother, Betsy (or Betty), was herself the daughter of a white ship captain and a black slave woman, so Sally may have had just one black grandparent.   Nevertheless, the laws of the time made Sally, and her children no matter who was the father, also slaves. Birth Dates The birth dates of six children of   Sally Hemings  were recorded by Thomas Jefferson in his letters and records. Descendants of Madison Hemings and Eston Hemings are known. The evidence is mixed for a son who may have been born to Hemings when she returned from Paris. Descendents of Thomas Woodson claims that he was that son. One way to look at the likelihood of Jefferson as the father of the Hemings children is to see whether Jefferson was present at Monticello and whether that is within a reasonable conception window for each child. The following chart summarizes the known  birth dates and the dates of Jeffersons presence at Monticello within that conception window: Name Birth Date Jefferson atMonticello Death Date Harriet October 5, 1795 1794 and 1795 all year December 1797 Beverly April 1, 1798 July 11 - December 5, 1797 probably after 1873 Thenia? aboutDecember 7, 1799 March 8 - December 21, 1799 soon after birth Harriet May 1801 May 29 - November 24, 1800 probably after 1863 Madison January (19?), 1805 April 4 - May 11, 1804 November 28, 1877 Eston May 21, 1808 August 4 - September 30, 1807 January 3, 1856 What Happened to These Children and Their Descendants? Two of Sallys documented children (a first Harriet and a girl possibly named Thenia) died in infancy (plus, possibly, the child named Tom who was born shortly after the return from Paris). Two others―Beverly and Harriet―ran in 1822, were never formally freed, but disappeared into white society. Beverly probably died after 1873, and Harriet after 1863. Their descendants are not known, nor do historians know what names they used after their escape. Jefferson spent minimal effort to track them after their departure, lending credence to the theory that he let them go purposely. Under an 1805 Virginia law, if hed freed them or any slave, that slave would not be able to remain in Virginia. Madison and Eston, the youngest of the children, both born after the 1803 Callendar revelations, were freed in Jeffersons will, and were able to remain in Virginia for some time, as Jefferson had requested a special act of the Virginia legislature to permit them to stay contrary to the 1805 law. Both worked as tradesmen and musicians, and ended up in Ohio. Estons descendents at some point lost their memory of being directly descended from Jefferson and from Sally Hemings, and were unaware of a black heritage. Madisons family includes descendents of three of his daughters. Eston died January 3, 1856 and Madison died November 28, 1877.

The History of the Kitchen Blender

The History of the Kitchen Blender In 1922, Stephen Poplawski invented the blender. For those of you who have never been in a kitchen or a bar, a blender is a small electric appliance that has a tall container and blades that chop, grind, and puree food and beverages. Patented in 1922 Stephen Poplawski was the first to put a spinning blade at the bottom of a container. His beverage mixer blender was developed for the Arnold Electric Company and received Patent Number US 1480914. It is recognizable as what is called a blender in the United States and a liquidizer in Britain. It has a beverage container with a rotating agitator that is placed onto a stand containing the motor that drives the blades. This allows drinks to be mixed on the stand, then the container removed to pour out the contents and clean the vessel. The appliance was designed to make soda fountain drinks. Meanwhile, L.H. Hamilton, Chester Beach and Fred Osius formed the Hamilton Beach Manufacturing Company in 1910. It became well known for its kitchen appliances and manufactured the Poplawski design. Fred Osius later began working on ways to improve the Poplawski blender. The Waring Blender Fred Waring, a one-time Penn State architectural and engineering student, was always fascinated by gadgets. He first achieved fame fronting the big band, Fred Waring, and the Pennsylvanians, but the blender made Waring a household name. Fred Waring was the financial source and marketing force that thrust the Waring Blender into the marketplace, but it was Fred Osius who invented and patented the famous blending machine in 1933. Fred Osius knew that Fred Waring had a fondness for new inventions, and Osius need money to make improvements to his blender. Talking his way into Fred Warings dressing room following a live radio broadcast in New York’s Vanderbilt Theatre, Osius pitched his idea and received a promise from Waring to back further research. Six months and $25,000 later, the blender still suffered technical difficulties. Undaunted, Waring dumped Fred Osius and had the blender redesigned once again. In 1937, the Waring-owned Miracle Mixer blender was introduced to the public at the National Restaurant Show in Chicago retailing for $29.75. In 1938, Fred Waring renamed his Miracle Mixer Corporation as the Waring Corporation, and the mixers name was changed to the Waring Blendor, the spelling of which was eventually changed to Blender. Fred Waring went on a one-man marketing campaign that began with hotels and restaurants he visited while touring with his band and later spread to upscale stores such as Bloomingdale’s and B. Altman’s. Waring once touted the Blender to a St. Louis reporter saying, †¦this mixer is going to revolutionize American drinks. And it did. The Waring Blender became an important tool in hospitals for the implementation of specific diets, as well as a vital scientific research device. Dr. Jonas Salk used it while developing the vaccine for polio. In 1954, the millionth Waring Blender was sold, and it is still as popular today. Waring Produces are now a part of Conair.